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Health Education Research Advance Access published online on July 6, 2005
Health Education Research, doi:10.1093/her/cyh045
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org
Received November 11, 2004
Accepted May 25, 2005

Original article

Are anti-smoking parenting practices related to adolescent smoking cognitions and behavior?

Rose M. E. Huver 1*, Rutger C. M. E. Engels 2, and Hein de Vries 1

1 Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
2 Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Rose M. E. Huver, E-mail: R.Huver{at}gvo.unimaas.nl


  Abstract

The aim of this study was to explain the effects of anti-smoking parenting practices on adolescent smoking cognitions and behavior by showing the mediating effects of cognitions. Data were gathered among Dutch high school students in the control condition of the European Smoking prevention Framework Approach (ESFA). Anti-smoking parenting practices were measured by parental reactions to smoking, house rules, and frequency and content of communication about smoking. Attitudes, perceived social influences and self-efficacy made up for smoking cognitions. Additionally, intention to smoke was measured. Relations between practices and cognitions were mostly significant. While some practices were associated with less smoking (communication about health risks of smoking, health risks of breathing in smoke, addictive qualities of smoking and attention for smoking in school), others were related to increased chances of smoking (rewards for not smoking, frequency of communication about smoking, communication about being allowed to smoke, price of cigarettes and friends smoking). The effects of parenting hardly varied by parental smoking status or adolescent gender. Several practices operated through cognitions, which was more pronounced in older adolescents. Counter-productive effects of practices and the few effects in the longitudinal analyses indicate that the order in which parents and adolescents influence each other should be examined more closely.


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