Health Education Research, Vol. 11, No. 2, 243-257, 1996
© 1996 Oxford University Press
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Telephone counseling for smoking cessation: rationales and meta-analytic review of evidence
Oregon Research Institute 1715 Franklin Boulevard, Eugene, OR 97403
1Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota 1300 South Second Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454-1015
2University of Rochester School of Medicine, Monroe Community Hospital 435 E. Henrietta Road, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
We review the various ways in which telephone counseling has been used in smoking cessation programs. Reactive approaches—help lines or crisis lines—attract only a small percentage of eligible smokers but are sensitive to promotional campaigns. While difficult to evaluate, they appear to be efficacious and useful as a public intervention for large populations. Proactive phone counseling has been used in a variety of ways. In 13 randomized trials, most showed significant short-term (3–6 month) effects, and four found substantial long-term differences between intervention and control conditions. A meta-analysis of proactive studies using a best-evidence synthesis confirmed a significant increase in cessation rates compared with control conditions [pooled odds ratios of 1·34 (1·19–1·51) and 1·20 (1·06–1·37) at short- and long-term follow-up, respectively]. Proactive phone counseling appeared most effective when used as the sole intervention modality or when augmenting programs initiated in hospital settings. Suggestions for further research and utilization are offered.
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