Health Education Research, Vol. 19, No. 1, 15-28,
February 1, 2004
© 2004 Oxford University Press
What determines future smoking intentions of 12- to 13-year-old UK African-Caribbean, Indian, Pakistani and white young people?
1 School of Education and 2 Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK, 3 Department of Epidemiology and Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK, 4 Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain and 5 Department of Cancer Prevention and Health Promotion, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands 6 Correspondence to: W. Markham, School of Health and Social Studies, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK. e-mail: wolfgang.markham{at}warwick.ac.uk
It is important to know when designing adolescent smoking interventions how ethnicity and gender influence intention. This paper reports an investigation into how ethnicity influences the smoking intentions of disadvantaged UK African-Caribbean (n = 275), Indian (n = 397), Pakistani (n = 687) and white (n = 1792) 12–13 year olds. The Attitudes–Social influences–Efficacy (ASE) model underpinned the study. It states that ASE determinants (advantages, disadvantages, social acceptance, social norms, modelling, perceived pressure and self-efficacy) directly influence behavioural intention. External factors (country, ethnicity and gender) indirectly influence intention by influencing ASE determinants. ASE determinant scores and future smoking intentions were measured. Linear regression analyses showed that smoking intention varied by ethnicity and gender. Differences in ASE scores largely explained these variations. Ethnicity and gender did not modify the predictive effects of equivalent ASE determinant scores on intention. Being a white boy had a small independent direct influence on intention, which was ascribed to affective beliefs underpinning fitness and sporting prowess. Otherwise, ethnicity had no independent direct effects on intention. Culturally appropriate interventions that aim to change cognitions underpinning ASE determinants and, thus, ASE scores would, consequently, be expected to be equally effective amongst disadvantaged UK African-Caribbean, Indian, Pakistani and white adolescents.
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